Bài 16: Luyện tập: Liên kết hóa học

Bài 16.19 trang 39 Sách bài tập Hóa học 10: Các cation <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.275ex" height="2.509ex" viewBox="0 -934.9 1410 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">R^{+}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-52" d="M230 637Q203 637 198 638T193 649Q193 676 204 682Q206 683 378 683Q550 682 564 680Q620 672 658 652T712 606T733 563T739 529Q739 484 710 445T643 385T576 351T538 338L545 333Q612 295 612 223Q612 212 607 162T602 80V71Q602 53 603 43T614 25T640 16Q668 16 686 38T712 85Q717 99 720 102T735 105Q755 105 755 93Q755 75 731 36Q693 -21 641 -21H632Q571 -21 531 4T487 82Q487 109 502 166T517 239Q517 290 474 313Q459 320 449 321T378 323H309L277 193Q244 61 244 59Q244 55 245 54T252 50T269 48T302 46H333Q339 38 339 37T336 19Q332 6 326 0H311Q275 2 180 2Q146 2 117 2T71 2T50 1Q33 1 33 10Q33 12 36 24Q41 43 46 45Q50 46 61 46H67Q94 46 127 49Q141 52 146 61Q149 65 218 339T287 628Q287 635 230 637ZM630 554Q630 586 609 608T523 636Q521 636 500 636T462 637H440Q393 637 386 627Q385 624 352 494T319 361Q319 360 388 360Q466 361 492 367Q556 377 592 426Q608 449 619 486T630 554Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-52" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-2B" x="1074" y="583"></use></g></svg> , <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="4.233ex" height="2.509ex" viewBox="0 -1006.6 1822.5 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">Y^{2+}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-59" d="M66 637Q54 637 49 637T39 638T32 641T30 647T33 664T42 682Q44 683 56 683Q104 680 165 680Q288 680 306 683H316Q322 677 322 674T320 656Q316 643 310 637H298Q242 637 242 624Q242 619 292 477T343 333L346 336Q350 340 358 349T379 373T411 410T454 461Q546 568 561 587T577 618Q577 634 545 637Q528 637 528 647Q528 649 530 661Q533 676 535 679T549 683Q551 683 578 682T657 680Q684 680 713 681T746 682Q763 682 763 673Q763 669 760 657T755 643Q753 637 734 637Q662 632 617 587Q608 578 477 424L348 273L322 169Q295 62 295 57Q295 46 363 46Q379 46 384 45T390 35Q390 33 388 23Q384 6 382 4T366 1Q361 1 324 1T232 2Q170 2 138 2T102 1Q84 1 84 9Q84 14 87 24Q88 27 89 30T90 35T91 39T93 42T96 44T101 45T107 45T116 46T129 46Q168 47 180 50T198 63Q201 68 227 171L252 274L129 623Q128 624 127 625T125 627T122 629T118 631T113 633T105 634T96 635T83 636T66 637Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-59" x="0" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(818,412)"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-2B" x="500" y="0"></use></g></g></svg> và anion <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.508ex" height="2.509ex" viewBox="0 -934.9 1510.2 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">X^{-}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-58" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 200 645T202 664Q206 677 212 683H226Q260 681 347 681Q380 681 408 681T453 682T473 682Q490 682 490 671Q490 670 488 658Q484 643 481 640T465 637Q434 634 411 620L488 426L541 485Q646 598 646 610Q646 628 622 635Q617 635 609 637Q594 637 594 648Q594 650 596 664Q600 677 606 683H618Q619 683 643 683T697 681T738 680Q828 680 837 683H845Q852 676 852 672Q850 647 840 637H824Q790 636 763 628T722 611T698 593L687 584Q687 585 592 480L505 384Q505 383 536 304T601 142T638 56Q648 47 699 46Q734 46 734 37Q734 35 732 23Q728 7 725 4T711 1Q708 1 678 1T589 2Q528 2 496 2T461 1Q444 1 444 10Q444 11 446 25Q448 35 450 39T455 44T464 46T480 47T506 54Q523 62 523 64Q522 64 476 181L429 299Q241 95 236 84Q232 76 232 72Q232 53 261 47Q262 47 267 47T273 46Q276 46 277 46T280 45T283 42T284 35Q284 26 282 19Q279 6 276 4T261 1Q258 1 243 1T201 2T142 2Q64 2 42 0Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-58" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-2212" x="1215" y="583"></use></g></svg> đều có cấu hình electron lớp ngoài cùng là <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.307ex" height="2.676ex" viewBox="0 -1006.6 1423.9 1152.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">3s^{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-73" d="M131 289Q131 321 147 354T203 415T300 442Q362 442 390 415T419 355Q419 323 402 308T364 292Q351 292 340 300T328 326Q328 342 337 354T354 372T367 378Q368 378 368 379Q368 382 361 388T336 399T297 405Q249 405 227 379T204 326Q204 301 223 291T278 274T330 259Q396 230 396 163Q396 135 385 107T352 51T289 7T195 -10Q118 -10 86 19T53 87Q53 126 74 143T118 160Q133 160 146 151T160 120Q160 94 142 76T111 58Q109 57 108 57T107 55Q108 52 115 47T146 34T201 27Q237 27 263 38T301 66T318 97T323 122Q323 150 302 164T254 181T195 196T148 231Q131 256 131 289Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-33" x="0" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(500,0)"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-73" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="663" y="583"></use></g></g></svg> <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.386ex" height="3.009ex" viewBox="0 -1006.6 1457.9 1295.7" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">3p^{6}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-70" d="M23 287Q24 290 25 295T30 317T40 348T55 381T75 411T101 433T134 442Q209 442 230 378L240 387Q302 442 358 442Q423 442 460 395T497 281Q497 173 421 82T249 -10Q227 -10 210 -4Q199 1 187 11T168 28L161 36Q160 35 139 -51T118 -138Q118 -144 126 -145T163 -148H188Q194 -155 194 -157T191 -175Q188 -187 185 -190T172 -194Q170 -194 161 -194T127 -193T65 -192Q-5 -192 -24 -194H-32Q-39 -187 -39 -183Q-37 -156 -26 -148H-6Q28 -147 33 -136Q36 -130 94 103T155 350Q156 355 156 364Q156 405 131 405Q109 405 94 377T71 316T59 280Q57 278 43 278H29Q23 284 23 287ZM178 102Q200 26 252 26Q282 26 310 49T356 107Q374 141 392 215T411 325V331Q411 405 350 405Q339 405 328 402T306 393T286 380T269 365T254 350T243 336T235 326L232 322Q232 321 229 308T218 264T204 212Q178 106 178 102Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-36" d="M42 313Q42 476 123 571T303 666Q372 666 402 630T432 550Q432 525 418 510T379 495Q356 495 341 509T326 548Q326 592 373 601Q351 623 311 626Q240 626 194 566Q147 500 147 364L148 360Q153 366 156 373Q197 433 263 433H267Q313 433 348 414Q372 400 396 374T435 317Q456 268 456 210V192Q456 169 451 149Q440 90 387 34T253 -22Q225 -22 199 -14T143 16T92 75T56 172T42 313ZM257 397Q227 397 205 380T171 335T154 278T148 216Q148 133 160 97T198 39Q222 21 251 21Q302 21 329 59Q342 77 347 104T352 209Q352 289 347 316T329 361Q302 397 257 397Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-33" x="0" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(500,0)"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-70" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-36" x="712" y="583"></use></g></g></svg> . Xác định vị trí của R, Y, X trong bảng tuần hoàn.

Bài 16.19 trang 39 SBT Hóa học 10