Bài 2: Phép cộng và nhân các số phức

Bài tập trắc nghiệm trang 202 Sách bài tập Giải tích 12:

Bài 4.16: Cho z ∈ C. Khẳng định nào sau đây là sai?

D. <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.145ex" height="2.676ex" viewBox="0 -1006.6 923.4 1152.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z^{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="663" y="583"></use></g></svg> + <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="5.76ex" height="3.176ex" viewBox="0 -1006.6 2479.9 1367.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">(z−)^{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-28" x="0" y="0"></use> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="389" y="0"></use> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-2212" x="858" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(1636,0)"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-29" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="550" y="583"></use></g></g></svg> ∈ R.

Bài 4.17: Cho n, k ∈ N, biết <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.021ex" height="2.343ex" viewBox="0 -863.1 870.1 1008.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">i^{n}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-69" d="M184 600Q184 624 203 642T247 661Q265 661 277 649T290 619Q290 596 270 577T226 557Q211 557 198 567T184 600ZM21 287Q21 295 30 318T54 369T98 420T158 442Q197 442 223 419T250 357Q250 340 236 301T196 196T154 83Q149 61 149 51Q149 26 166 26Q175 26 185 29T208 43T235 78T260 137Q263 149 265 151T282 153Q302 153 302 143Q302 135 293 112T268 61T223 11T161 -11Q129 -11 102 10T74 74Q74 91 79 106T122 220Q160 321 166 341T173 380Q173 404 156 404H154Q124 404 99 371T61 287Q60 286 59 284T58 281T56 279T53 278T49 278T41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-6E" d="M21 287Q22 293 24 303T36 341T56 388T89 425T135 442Q171 442 195 424T225 390T231 369Q231 367 232 367L243 378Q304 442 382 442Q436 442 469 415T503 336T465 179T427 52Q427 26 444 26Q450 26 453 27Q482 32 505 65T540 145Q542 153 560 153Q580 153 580 145Q580 144 576 130Q568 101 554 73T508 17T439 -10Q392 -10 371 17T350 73Q350 92 386 193T423 345Q423 404 379 404H374Q288 404 229 303L222 291L189 157Q156 26 151 16Q138 -11 108 -11Q95 -11 87 -5T76 7T74 17Q74 30 112 180T152 343Q153 348 153 366Q153 405 129 405Q91 405 66 305Q60 285 60 284Q58 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-69" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-6E" x="488" y="583"></use></g></svg> = -1. Khẳng định nào sau đây là đúng?

A. n là một số chẵn B. n là một số lẻ

Bài 4.18: Cho <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> , <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> ∈ C. Khẳng định nào sau đây là sai?

A. <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> .z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> + z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> . <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> ∈ R.

B. <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> . <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> + z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> .z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> ∈ R

C. <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> .z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> .z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> . <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> ∈ R

D. <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> . <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> - z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> .z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> ∈ R

Gợi ý: <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.857ex" height="2.676ex" viewBox="0 -1006.6 799.4 1152.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">i^{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-69" d="M184 600Q184 624 203 642T247 661Q265 661 277 649T290 619Q290 596 270 577T226 557Q211 557 198 567T184 600ZM21 287Q21 295 30 318T54 369T98 420T158 442Q197 442 223 419T250 357Q250 340 236 301T196 196T154 83Q149 61 149 51Q149 26 166 26Q175 26 185 29T208 43T235 78T260 137Q263 149 265 151T282 153Q302 153 302 143Q302 135 293 112T268 61T223 11T161 -11Q129 -11 102 10T74 74Q74 91 79 106T122 220Q160 321 166 341T173 380Q173 404 156 404H154Q124 404 99 371T61 287Q60 286 59 284T58 281T56 279T53 278T49 278T41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-69" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="488" y="583"></use></g></svg> = -1, <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.857ex" height="2.676ex" viewBox="0 -1006.6 799.4 1152.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">i^{3}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-69" d="M184 600Q184 624 203 642T247 661Q265 661 277 649T290 619Q290 596 270 577T226 557Q211 557 198 567T184 600ZM21 287Q21 295 30 318T54 369T98 420T158 442Q197 442 223 419T250 357Q250 340 236 301T196 196T154 83Q149 61 149 51Q149 26 166 26Q175 26 185 29T208 43T235 78T260 137Q263 149 265 151T282 153Q302 153 302 143Q302 135 293 112T268 61T223 11T161 -11Q129 -11 102 10T74 74Q74 91 79 106T122 220Q160 321 166 341T173 380Q173 404 156 404H154Q124 404 99 371T61 287Q60 286 59 284T58 281T56 279T53 278T49 278T41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-69" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-33" x="488" y="583"></use></g></svg> = -1, <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.857ex" height="2.676ex" viewBox="0 -1006.6 799.4 1152.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">i^{4}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-69" d="M184 600Q184 624 203 642T247 661Q265 661 277 649T290 619Q290 596 270 577T226 557Q211 557 198 567T184 600ZM21 287Q21 295 30 318T54 369T98 420T158 442Q197 442 223 419T250 357Q250 340 236 301T196 196T154 83Q149 61 149 51Q149 26 166 26Q175 26 185 29T208 43T235 78T260 137Q263 149 265 151T282 153Q302 153 302 143Q302 135 293 112T268 61T223 11T161 -11Q129 -11 102 10T74 74Q74 91 79 106T122 220Q160 321 166 341T173 380Q173 404 156 404H154Q124 404 99 371T61 287Q60 286 59 284T58 281T56 279T53 278T49 278T41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-69" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-34" x="488" y="583"></use></g></svg> = 1

z ∈ R ⇔ z = z−, ( <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> + <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.775ex" height="2.509ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 1194.8 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{2)}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(465,-187)"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-29" x="500" y="0"></use></g></g></svg> − = z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> + z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> , ( <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.135ex" height="2.009ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 919.4 865.1" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="658" y="-213"></use></g></svg> . <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.775ex" height="2.509ex" viewBox="0 -576.1 1194.8 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">z_{2)}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-7A" d="M347 338Q337 338 294 349T231 360Q211 360 197 356T174 346T162 335T155 324L153 320Q150 317 138 317Q117 317 117 325Q117 330 120 339Q133 378 163 406T229 440Q241 442 246 442Q271 442 291 425T329 392T367 375Q389 375 411 408T434 441Q435 442 449 442H462Q468 436 468 434Q468 430 463 420T449 399T432 377T418 358L411 349Q368 298 275 214T160 106L148 94L163 93Q185 93 227 82T290 71Q328 71 360 90T402 140Q406 149 409 151T424 153Q443 153 443 143Q443 138 442 134Q425 72 376 31T278 -11Q252 -11 232 6T193 40T155 57Q111 57 76 -3Q70 -11 59 -11H54H41Q35 -5 35 -2Q35 13 93 84Q132 129 225 214T340 322Q352 338 347 338Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-7A" x="0" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(465,-187)"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="0" y="0"></use> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-29" x="500" y="0"></use></g></g></svg> − = z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{1}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> .z− <svg style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: -4px;" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.054ex" height="1.676ex" viewBox="0 -432.6 453.9 721.6" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title"><title id="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">{}_{2}</title><defs aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true"> <use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="0" y="-213"></use></g></svg> .